Triage Theory
Your body rations scarce nutrients. It has an order.
Short-term survival gets funded first. Long-term maintenance gets cut first, and quietly.
When a micronutrient runs short, the body doesn't fail evenly across every process that depends on it. It rations. Functions tied to short-term survival get funded first. Functions that only matter over years or decades get cut first, and quietly.
Vitamin K is the best-documented case. The body uses it to activate two different classes of proteins: clotting factors, which stop bleeding from a cut, and proteins like matrix Gla-protein, involved in supporting healthy calcium distribution throughout the body. Researchers tested which vitamin K-dependent proteins were most essential to survival using gene-knockout mice, and found the clotting-related proteins were uniformly critical, while several of the calcium-distribution proteins were not. When vitamin K is scarce, the body funds clotting first, every time.
Gene-knockout mice are bred without a specific gene, so researchers can observe what fails when the protein that gene codes for is absent. Applied across the vitamin K-dependent proteins, the clotting factors proved uniformly essential to survival, while several calcium-distribution proteins did not — which is what establishes the ranking the body appears to follow under scarcity.
This is why a standard blood test can be misleading. It only checks the function the body already prioritized. You can test normal on vitamin K, because clotting still works on schedule, while the calcium-distribution pathway has been running short for years without showing up on any panel. Ames described this allocation pattern as triage theory, and it has since been tested against multiple other micronutrients, not just vitamin K.
This is one reason Omiro carries two forms of K2, MK-4 and MK-7. They clear the body on different schedules, so covering both leaves less room for clotting to get fully staffed while the calcium-distribution pathway runs short. Adequate and optimal are different bars. Triage theory is the mechanism that explains the gap.
What Omiro is built to do about it
Omiro exists to take the body off rations. Triage is what happens when supply is short — the moment a nutrient is genuinely adequate, there is nothing to ration and the ordering stops mattering. So the formula isn't built around a handful of nutrients that market well. It's built to cover the whole set at doses that hold, in forms the body can use without a conversion step, so no pathway is left bidding for what's left over.
That's also why it runs on two packets rather than one. The morning packet funds the work of the day — the B-complex driving energy metabolism, the trace minerals, the fat-solubles taken with a meal. The evening packet funds the work of the night, when the body does its repair and clearance. Both windows matter, and they need different things.
And it's why the long-horizon nutrients are dosed as seriously as the ones you feel. The functions triage cuts first are the ones with no daily symptom — DNA repair, calcium distribution, the slow maintenance work whose absence shows up years later rather than tomorrow. Those are precisely the ones a formula built for how you feel this week would underfund. Omiro is built to fund both: the daily and nightly processes, and the ones that only pay off over decades.
Coming Off Rations
How long until each pathway is fully funded.
Triage only happens while a nutrient is scarce. These are the timelines on which that scarcity ends — set by how each nutrient is stored and turned over, not by the product.
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Weeks 1–2
Vitamin C1,000mg
Plasma saturates within days at this dose. Vitamin C is not stored in any meaningful reserve, so the pool fills fast and has to be refilled daily.
Established biochemistry -
Weeks 1–2
Active B-complexAll 8, active forms
Water-soluble and turned over quickly. Serum B12, folate and B6 respond within one to two weeks of consistent intake because the body holds little in circulation.
Established biochemistry -
Weeks 2–4
Zinc30mg chelate
Plasma zinc responds within weeks. There is no large storage depot, so intake and status track each other closely once absorption is adequate.
Established biochemistryPlasma zinc is an imperfect status marker -
Weeks 4–8
Magnesium266mg glycinate
Most of the body's magnesium sits inside cells and bone rather than in blood. Equilibrating that intracellular pool takes weeks, which is why serum magnesium moves long before status does.
Established biochemistry -
Weeks 8–12
Vitamin D35,000 IU
Serum 25(OH)D has a half-life of two to three weeks, so reaching a stable level takes roughly four to five half-lives. This is the slowest of the vitamins here, and the reason a four-week check is too early to read.
Established biochemistry -
Months 3–4
Omega-3 EPA + DHA700mg combined
EPA and DHA are built into red blood cell membranes, so the omega-3 index plateaus on roughly the lifespan of a red blood cell — about 120 days. Slowest pathway in the formula, and the one most worth measuring.
Established biochemistry
Hallmarks Of Aging
Twelve hallmarks. Six we can speak to.
Aging researchers group the biological changes behind aging into twelve categories. Not all twelve have a specific, evidence-backed connection to individual micronutrients. These six do.
Primary hallmarks
Genomic instability
DNA damage accumulates constantly and depends on repair enzymes that are micronutrient-dependent by design — folate, B12 and B6 keep uracil out of DNA, niacin is a required PARP substrate, zinc is a cofactor for several repair enzymes, and magnesium is required by the polymerases that copy and repair genetic material.
5-MTHF · Methylcobalamin · P5P · Niacin · Zinc · Magnesium
Telomere attrition
In a five-year study of over 600 adults, those with the lowest combined EPA and DHA blood levels lost telomere length two and a half times faster than those with the highest.
Omega-3 EPA + DHA
Observational, in adults who already had a heart condition — an association, not proof that supplementation slows telomere shortening in healthy people.
Epigenetic alterations
Genes switch on and off through methylation, which draws methyl groups from folate, B12 and B6 in one-carbon metabolism. When these run short, methylation patterns measurably shift toward a less regulated state.
5-MTHF · Methylcobalamin · P5P
Loss of proteostasis
The systems that fold proteins correctly and clear misfolded ones become less reliable.
Disabled macroautophagy
Cells become worse at recycling their own damaged components.
Antagonistic hallmarks
Deregulated nutrient-sensing
How cells sense and respond to available fuel and insulin signalling. Chromium is a cofactor in that pathway, and the supplementation evidence is genuinely mixed.
Chromium
Trials show improvement in people with impaired blood sugar regulation and no benefit in people without it. The claim here is narrow: supports healthy glucose metabolism already within the normal range.
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Riboflavin converts to FAD and niacin to NAD+, both shuttling electrons through the pathway that generates ATP. ATP is chemically unstable without a bound magnesium ion, so every ATP molecule spent is complexed with magnesium first.
Methyl B-Complex · Magnesium
Cellular senescence
Damaged cells stop dividing but resist dying, accumulating and signalling stress to neighbouring cells.
Integrative hallmarks
Stem cell exhaustion
The reserve of cells available to regenerate tissue depletes over a lifetime.
Altered intercellular communication
Hormonal and immune signalling between cells degrades with age.
Chronic inflammation
Added as a distinct hallmark in the 2023 update. EPA and DHA convert into resolvins, protectins and maresins — specialized pro-resolving mediators the body uses to actively resolve inflammatory signalling rather than suppress it.
Omega-3 EPA + DHA
Dysbiosis
The balance of the gut microbiome shifts with age, affecting immunity and nutrient absorption. Omiro makes no claim here.
Framework: López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell. 2023;186(2):243-278.
AM/PM Mechanism
Two packets, two different reasons.
PM has a circadian mechanism. AM has absorption logic. They are not the same kind of argument, and this page doesn't present them as one.
Splitting 27 nutrients into two packets isn't a packaging choice. It responds to two separate problems: absorption competition and circadian mismatch.
Absorption competition. Several minerals share the same intestinal transport proteins. Zinc, magnesium and calcium compete for overlapping absorption pathways when taken together in one large dose, and each absorbs more completely on its own than alongside the others. Splitting the mineral load across two dosing windows reduces how much competition each nutrient has to survive.
Magnesium, the combined EPA/DHA fish oil and the chlorella sit in the PM packet. Every other nutrient in the formula — the full B-complex, vitamins A/C/D/E, K2 in both forms, and the trace minerals — is in the AM packet.
PM: what's actually happening overnight
During sleep the brain runs a waste-clearance process that is largely dormant while you're awake. Cerebrospinal fluid moves into brain tissue through channels controlled by aquaporin-4, mixes with the fluid surrounding brain cells, and flushes metabolic byproducts toward the bloodstream. The space between brain cells expands by roughly 60% during sleep, and clearance runs about twice as fast as during waking hours.
DHA's connection to this is more specific than “it's a brain structural fat”. In a mouse model of acute brain injury, pretreatment with omega-3-rich fish oil measurably protected glymphatic function, working through the same aquaporin-4 pathway that governs overnight clearance.
A randomized controlled trial gave healthy young adults either a DHA-rich or an EPA-rich oil and found the two fats affected sleep differently, with EPA specifically proposed to play a role in regulating a healthy sleep cycle, potentially via effects on melatonin release and the body's internal clock.
Omiro's 700mg of combined EPA and DHA sits in the PM packet on the strength of three things together: the general sleep-clearance mechanism, the omega-3-specific glymphatic link, and the sleep-architecture trial. Three different tiers of evidence, layered — not flattened into one clean claim.
Magnesium has its own, separate mechanism. It acts as a natural antagonist at NMDA receptors and supports GABA signalling, both involved in winding the nervous system down rather than up. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in adults over 60 with documented sleep difficulty found 500mg of magnesium daily for eight weeks improved several measures of sleep quality, including how long it took to fall asleep.
AM: a different, more modest kind of logic
The PM grouping has a real circadian mechanism behind it. The AM grouping does not have an equivalent single mechanism, and inventing one per nutrient to make the two packets feel symmetrical would be exactly the kind of claim this page avoids.
Alignment with daytime metabolic demand. The B-complex vitamins are direct cofactors in the pathways that convert food into usable energy. B6 specifically is the required cofactor for the enzyme that converts dietary amino acid precursors into dopamine and norepinephrine. This is basic, uncontested enzymology rather than a single study. These pathways run hardest when you're eating and moving, and taking them with a meal also improves absorption for several of them.
Absorption spacing, from the other direction. Keeping magnesium in PM and the trace minerals in AM isn't about giving each mineral a daytime function. It's about keeping them from competing in the same 30-minute absorption window. K2, D3, vitamin C and the rest sit in AM mainly because there wasn't a specific reason to move them — a legitimate reason, and a more modest one than the mechanism behind omega-3s and magnesium.
Absorption
Form determines how much you actually absorb.
How much of a mineral you absorb depends on the form it arrives in.
Data under verification
Comparative absorption figures are being re-verified against their original sources before publication. Nothing is shown here until each number can be traced to the study it comes from.
Results Timeline
Nutrient status moves at three different speeds.
This describes measurable status, not how you will feel on a given day.
Two different things happen on two different timelines once you start taking Omiro, and conflating them is where most results timelines go wrong. One is nutrient status: measurable levels in your blood and tissue. The other is how you feel, which depends on where you started and varies enough between people that no honest timeline can promise a date for it.
Weeks 1–2 · Water-soluble vitamins
B12, folate and B6 status can shift within one to two weeks of consistent intake, because the body stores little of them and turns its supply over quickly.
Weeks 4–8 · Minerals
Magnesium and zinc status changes more gradually, since most of the body's supply sits inside cells and tissue rather than circulating in blood. Equilibrating that pool takes weeks, not days.
Months 3–4 · Omega-3 index
EPA and DHA get incorporated into cell membranes throughout the body. Researchers track this as the omega-3 index, and it typically takes three to four months to plateau at a new, stable level — roughly matching how long a red blood cell lives.
None of this is a promise about how you'll feel on a given day. It's a description of how nutrient status moves, at different speeds, for different reasons.
Study index
Every study, by ingredient.
Open any ingredient to see the trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses behind it — including the null and the contested results. Where a meta-analysis exists it is listed in place of the individual trials it pools. A study on a nutrient is not a study on our dose or our form, so where that gap is wide it is marked. None of this supports a disease claim.
Magnesium Glycinate266mg total · PM packet 7 studies
Two evening doses. The sleep evidence is for glycinate; the cognition evidence is not.
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250mg magnesium bisglycinate beat placebo on the Insomnia Severity Index at four weeks in 155 adults with poor sleep. Effect small (d = 0.2), larger in those with low dietary magnesium.
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Systematic review of 12 RCTs: current evidence does not support oral magnesium as a routine insomnia treatment. Possible modest benefit on subjective measures; certainty low to very low.
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Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs, 151 older adults, oral magnesium vs placebo for insomnia.
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Magnesium L-threonate 2g/day for six weeks improved a cognition composite vs placebo in adults 18–45 (p = 0.043). No difference on Raven's.
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MMFS-01 (magnesium L-threonate), 12 weeks in older adults with cognitive impairment.
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Magnesium L-threonate vs placebo for sleep: placebo also improved the Insomnia Severity Index. Between-group difference not significant (p = 0.39).
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Whole-blood magnesium and cognitive performance.
Read this with it. The magnesium-and-cognition literature is almost entirely magnesium L-threonate, a form developed to raise brain magnesium. Our packets use glycinate, so those trials cannot be cited for this product. The glycinate evidence we can cite is the 2025 sleep trial — and the effect is small.
Omega-3 EPA + DHA400mg EPA · 300mg DHA · PM packet 14 studies
The largest and most contested evidence base of anything in the system.
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High-dose icosapent ethyl (pure EPA) cut major cardiovascular events by about 25% over 4.9 years in high-risk statin patients (REDUCE-IT).
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REDUCE-IT's mineral-oil placebo may have worsened the control arm. STRENGTH, using EPA+DHA against a corn-oil control, found the intervention futile.
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Atrial fibrillation was higher on icosapent ethyl: 3.1% vs 2.1% (p = 0.004).
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VITAL: 1g/day marine omega-3 in a general population produced no improvement in primary cardiovascular outcomes.
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Bayesian reanalysis of VITAL: 28% reduction in total myocardial infarction, 17% in total coronary heart disease.
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Good baseline omega-3 status strengthened the effect of B vitamins on brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment.
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Muscle protein synthesis: no effect. Meta-analysis of 6 trials (SMD 0.03; 95% CI −0.35 to 0.40; p = 0.89), with no effect in any subgroup by age, dose, duration or method.
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Lean body mass: no effect. Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs in the general population found no significant pooled effect.
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Older adults: +0.33 kg muscle mass (95% CI 0.05–0.62) and timed-up-and-go −0.30s.
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Network meta-analysis found gains in upper-limb strength, best above 2.5g/day.
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Reduced muscle soreness after eccentric exercise.
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Framingham Heart Study: the highest quintile of red-blood-cell EPA+DHA had 34% lower all-cause mortality and 39% lower incident cardiovascular disease than the lowest, over a median 7.3 years.
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Pooled analysis of 17 prospective cohorts — 42,466 people, 15,720 deaths, median 16 years: all-cause mortality 15–18% lower in the highest vs lowest quintile of long-chain omega-3 (EPA HR 0.82, DPA 0.84, DHA 0.85). Plant-derived ALA showed no association.
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Framingham Offspring, 2,240 adults over 11 years: the omega-3 index was one of four fatty-acid measures that improved prediction of all-cause mortality beyond standard risk factors. This is the paper behind the widely quoted figure of roughly 4.7 years of life expectancy between the highest and lowest levels.
Read this with it. On “omega-3s burn fat and build muscle”: the most direct and most recent meta-analysis finds no effect on muscle protein synthesis, and the 2021 meta-analysis finds no effect on lean body mass in the general population. The positive signal is confined to older adults (+0.33 kg) and to strength at doses above 2.5g/day — more than three times what the PM packet provides. We found no body-fat evidence worth citing. Post-exercise soreness is the better-supported performance angle. On the omega-3 index and lifespan: those three mortality findings are observational. A blood level reflects diet, genetics, absorption and everything else a person does at once, so a higher index predicting a longer life is not the same as a supplement producing one — and VITAL, the trial testing the dose closest to ours, was null on its primary outcomes.
Active B-ComplexMethylfolate, methylcobalamin and the rest of the group · AM packet 3 studies
One landmark trial does most of the work here, and its population matters.
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VITACOG: folic acid + B6 + B12 for two years in adults 70+ with mild cognitive impairment slowed whole-brain atrophy — 0.76%/yr vs 1.08% on placebo. Benefit concentrated in those with high baseline homocysteine.
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2025 metabolomics follow-up: B-vitamin-driven shifts in homocysteine and related pathways linked to atrophy.
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Elevated homocysteine associated with faster epigenetic ageing in mild cognitive impairment.
Read this with it. VITACOG enrolled people aged 70+ with mild cognitive impairment and raised homocysteine. It is not evidence that B vitamins slow brain ageing in healthy adults in their thirties, and should never be presented that way.
The multivitamin as a wholeEvidence for a complete daily panel, not one nutrient 3 studies
Trials of complete multivitamins are the closest published analogue to the finished product.
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COSMOS-Mind: a daily multivitamin improved global cognition over three years in older adults, with a larger effect in those with a cardiovascular disease history.
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Multivitamin improved memory in older adults.
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Two-year metabolomics: a multivitamin modestly raised DHA and omega-3 markers despite containing none.
Read this with it. COSMOS enrolled older adults. The effect sizes are real but modest, and nothing here has been tested on our specific panel.
ZincAlbion® chelated · AM packet 4 studies
Part of the chelated trace mineral group. The famous cold evidence comes with a form problem.
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Cochrane 2024: mean cold duration −2.37 days (95% CI −4.21 to −0.53), but certainty rated low. Concludes the evidence is insufficient for firm recommendations.
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Published critique: the pooled mean-difference is the wrong model; reports roughly a 37% relative reduction for lozenges in adults.
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2012 meta-analysis: shortened colds in adults, no significant effect in children.
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Zinc acetate vs gluconate lozenges, and the role of dose.
Read this with it. The cold evidence is for lozenges dissolved in the mouth — a local effect in the throat. A swallowed capsule is not the same intervention.
SeleniumAlbion® chelated · AM packet 6 studies
Every trial below is in thyroid patients, not healthy adults.
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Meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (1,610 participants): thyroid peroxidase antibodies significantly reduced at three and six months; thyroglobulin antibodies at three months only.
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2025 meta-analysis of clinical efficacy in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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Cochrane review: four studies, 463 participants, unclear-to-high risk of bias.
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Six-month RCT in 76 euthyroid patients: TPO antibodies not significantly different between groups.
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Selenium alone did not significantly change TPO antibodies.
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RCT of selenium's effect on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells.
Read this with it. All selenium evidence here is in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. It supports “supports normal thyroid function” only loosely, and we do not claim more.
Vitamin D3Fat-soluble · AM packet, with food 7 studies
A large literature whose answer depends almost entirely on baseline status and dosing pattern.
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700–1000 IU/day in older people: 19% lower falls risk (7 RCTs, n = 1,921; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71–0.92).
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Intermittent high-dose bolus dosing: no effect on falls (8 RCTs, n = 18,572; RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.96–1.08).
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D-Health trial: vitamin D and the risk of falling.
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Recent large RCTs do not support benefits on muscle strength or falls in vitamin-D-replete adults.
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Muscle function in postmenopausal women.
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Active vitamin D analogues, strength and falls in elderly people.
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Strength and power in athletes.
Read this with it. The pattern across these trials: benefit concentrates in people deficient at baseline, on daily rather than bolus dosing. In already-replete people the recent trials are null.
Vitamin K2 (MK-7)Fat-soluble · AM packet, with food 7 studies
Good evidence for bone density. Fracture prevention is a different question with a different answer.
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Three years, 244 postmenopausal women on 180µg/day MK-7: significantly less loss of vertebral height in the lower thoracic region, and a decreased age-related decline in bone density and strength.
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148 postmenopausal women with osteopenia: tibial trabecular number held over 12 months against a decline on placebo.
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90µg/day: femoral-neck bone loss significantly lower in postmenopausal women. No effect in men.
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Early menopausal women: no effect on bone loss.
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Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs, 6,425 participants: no significant fracture difference across the six trials reporting fractures. Significant only after excluding one heterogeneous study.
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Vitamin K added to a bisphosphonate, and fracture risk.
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Overviews of vitamin K and bone.
Read this with it. The supportive trials used 180µg/day MK-7. Confirm what our panel actually provides before leaning on them.
Vitamin C1000mg · AM packet 5 studies
The iron-absorption mechanism is well established. The downstream outcome is not.
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Non-heme iron absorption rose from about 0.8% to 7.1% as vitamin C went from 25mg to 1000mg in a liquid meal, across 63 subjects.
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Systematic review: absorption is enhanced when meals contain ascorbic acid.
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RCT in 440 adults with iron deficiency anaemia: iron + 200mg vitamin C vs iron alone met the criteria for equivalence, with no meaningful haemoglobin gain.
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A large dose with breakfast did not change absorption from later meals.
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Iron and vitamin C co-supplementation, and oxidative stress markers.
Read this with it. Vitamin C reliably increases iron absorption from a meal, which is the claim we make. It does not reliably improve outcomes for people already taking iron tablets. Separately, we found no human trial on vitamin C and skin collagen — the cofactor role in collagen synthesis is established biochemistry, but a trial to cite still needs finding.
Organic Chlorella500mg broken cell wall · PM packet 8 studies
The newest and best-powered synthesis is neutral, which is why we describe chlorella as a whole food.
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Meta-analysis of 19 RCTs (797 subjects): improved total cholesterol and LDL. Triglycerides, HDL and BMI not significant. Reduced blood pressure in hypertensive participants.
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2024 review: neutral effect on blood pressure and lipids.
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63 mildly hypercholesterolemic adults: total cholesterol −1.6% vs +0.03% (p = 0.036); triglycerides −10.3% vs +11.9% (p = 0.002).
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Eight-week RCT: interferon-γ (p<0.05) and IL-1β (p<0.001) rose, and NK cell activity was enhanced.
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Influenza vaccination RCT: no effect in the overall antibody analysis.
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Dietary cholesterol challenge.
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Crossover trial in 14 young adults: no blood-pressure or heart-rate difference.
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Background reviews.
Read this with it. The 2024 meta-analysis supersedes the 2017 one and is neutral. Keeping chlorella described as a whole food rather than an active ingredient, as the page does now, is the position the evidence supports.
What is missing
Where we could not find trial evidence, we say so rather than reaching for a weaker study. No human trial was found for vitamin C and skin collagen; the cofactor role in collagen synthesis is established biochemistry, not an outcome trial. No trials were retrieved for iodine, vitamin A, vitamin E, biotin or riboflavin — those bullets rest on established cofactor and antioxidant roles. Several supporting trials above used considerably more than our panel provides: MK-7 at 180µg, omega-3 above 2.5g, icosapent ethyl at 4g.
All links go to PubMed or PubMed Central. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Sources
References
How evidence tiers were assigned
Every claim on this page carries a tier. Tier 1 is textbook biochemistry rather than a single study. Tier 2 is a randomized controlled trial in people. Tier 3 is observational — an association, not causation. Tier 4 is animal or in-vitro only. Tier 5 means the evidence conflicts. Where a study was funded by a party with a commercial interest, that is stated on the claim itself, not buried here.
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1
Ames BN. Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(47):17589-94.
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2
McCann JC, Ames BN. Vitamin K, an example of triage theory: is micronutrient inadequacy linked to diseases of aging? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):889-907.
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3
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell. 2023;186(2):243-278.
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4
Fenech M, Bull CF, Van Klinken BJ. Protective effects of micronutrient supplements, phytochemicals and phytochemical-rich beverages and foods against DNA damage in humans: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective studies. Adv Nutr. 2023;14(6):1337-1358.
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5
Farzaneh-Far R, Lin J, Epel ES, Harris WS, Blackburn EH, Whooley MA. Association of marine omega-3 fatty acid levels with telomeric aging in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2010;303(3):250-257.
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6
Serhan CN. Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology. Nature. 2014;510(7503):92-101.
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7
Balk EM, Tatsioni A, Lichtenstein AH, Lau J, Pittas AG. Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(8):2154-63.
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8
Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Yuwanakorn A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of chromium supplementation in diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014;39(3):292-306.
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9
Abbasi B, Kimiagar M, Sadeghniiat K, Shirazi MM, Hedayati M, Rashidkhani B. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(12):1161-1169.
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10
Firoz M, Graber M. Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations. Magnes Res. 2001;14(4):257-262.
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11
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013;342(6156):373-377.
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12
Zhang E, Wan X, Yang L, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alleviate traumatic brain injury by regulating the glymphatic pathway in mice. Front Neurol. 2020;11:707.
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13
Jackson PA, et al. Differential effects of DHA- and EPA-rich oils on sleep in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(1):248.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.